Financial Regulatory
Controllers versus Processors: The Definitive Legal Guide to Liability and Subcontracting in Data Processing (Data Protection Series VI)
Last updated: 4 August 2026. Quick answer. Whether you are a controller or a processor is not settled by the contract: it is settled by who gives the orders. The…
The Price of Data: 15 Legal Commandments Every Business Owner Should Know to Avoid Penalties (Data Protection Series V)
Last updated: 30 July 2026. Quick answer. The GDPR and Spain’s LOPDGDD do not protect files, they protect people: under Spanish law a company never owns a citizen’s data. These…
Article 14 GDPR Before the Courts and the Supervisory Authorities (Data Protection Series IV)
Last updated: 30 July 2026. Quick answer. Article 14 of the GDPR requires anyone who obtains personal data from a source other than the data subject to track them down…
Article 14 GDPR: The Duty to Inform When Personal Data Comes From Other Sources (Data Protection Series III)
Last updated: 27 July 2026. Quick answer. When you obtain personal data from a source other than the data subject (a third party, a public register, a data broker), Article…
Delegating Without Risk: A Case-Law Guide to the 5 Critical Points on the Data Processing Agreement (Data Protection Series II)
Last updated: 22 July 2026. Quick answer. In Spain, outsourcing the processing of personal data to a provider without a written data processing agreement (art. 28.3 GDPR) is a serious…
Capitalising Without Owning: A Business and Case-Law Guide to the True Ownership and Profitability of Data (Data Protection Series I)
Last updated: 20 July 2026. Quick answer. Under Spanish law, personal data is not merchandise a company can own outright: the only “owner” of the right is always the individual…
Tokenized Assets: From European Regulation to Their Integration into DeFi
Tokenized real-world assets (RWA) are financial or physical assets represented on the blockchain by tokens.
Who Pulls the Strings of Covered Stablecoin (or ART) Stability in Spain?
Covered Stablecoins, known in Spain as Asset-Referenced Tokens (ARTs) under the MiCA (Markets in Crypto-Assets) regulatory framework, are crypto assets designed to maintain a stable 1:1 value ratio with a…
Payment Stablecoins (EMTs): Legal Definitions, Uses, and Regulatory Parallels between the U.S. and Spain
Payment stablecoins (known in Spain as EMTs or E-money Tokens) represent an evolution in digital assets, designed to combine the stability of fiat currencies with the efficiency of blockchain technology
Risks to Monetary Policy and State Sovereignty from Stablecoins
Stablecoins represent an existential challenge to monetary policy, compelling a redefinition of stability mandates.
