Controllers versus Processors: The Definitive Legal Guide to Liability and Subcontracting in Data Processing (Data Protection Series VI)
Last updated: 4 August 2026. Quick answer. Whether you are a controller or a processor is not settled by the contract: it is settled by who gives the orders. The…
The Price of Data: 15 Legal Commandments Every Business Owner Should Know to Avoid Penalties (Data Protection Series V)
Last updated: 30 July 2026. Quick answer. The GDPR and Spain’s LOPDGDD do not protect files, they protect people: under Spanish law a company never owns a citizen’s data. These…
Article 14 GDPR Before the Courts and the Supervisory Authorities (Data Protection Series IV)
Last updated: 30 July 2026. Quick answer. Article 14 of the GDPR requires anyone who obtains personal data from a source other than the data subject to track them down…
Article 14 GDPR: The Duty to Inform When Personal Data Comes From Other Sources (Data Protection Series III)
Last updated: 27 July 2026. Quick answer. When you obtain personal data from a source other than the data subject (a third party, a public register, a data broker), Article…
Delegating Without Risk: A Case-Law Guide to the 5 Critical Points on the Data Processing Agreement (Data Protection Series II)
Last updated: 22 July 2026. Quick answer. In Spain, outsourcing the processing of personal data to a provider without a written data processing agreement (art. 28.3 GDPR) is a serious…
Capitalising Without Owning: A Business and Case-Law Guide to the True Ownership and Profitability of Data (Data Protection Series I)
Last updated: 20 July 2026. Quick answer. Under Spanish law, personal data is not merchandise a company can own outright: the only “owner” of the right is always the individual…
What is an EEC and How is it Used to Comply with Energy Savings Obligations?
EEC, or Energy Efficiency Certificate, is an electronic document that formally acknowledges an annual reduction in final energy consumption resulting from an energy efficiency measure
What Types of Energy Efficiency Measures Are Not Included in the Catalogue and May Request the Issuance of CAEs?
Energy efficiency measures that are not included in the catalogue of standardized measures are referred to as “singular measures.” Due to their specific characteristics and technical particularities, these measures cannot…
The Carbon Footprint as a New Financial Indicator: Implications of the New Spanish Regulatory Framework
obligations regarding the measurement and reduction of the carbon footprint which will mark a turning point for many organizations.
What is the role of the Delegated Entity in the CAE System?
The Delegated Entity is a key figure in Spain’s Energy Savings Certificate (CAE) System. It refers to a legal entity, either public or private, that has the capacity to assume,…
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