
The Common Auction Platform: Operation and Participation
The common auction platform, established by Regulation (EU) No. 1031/2010, is a mechanism designed to auction greenhouse gas emission allowances within the framework of the European Union Emissions Trading System…

The Market Stability Reserve of the EU ETS (EU Emissions Trading System): A Buffer for Carbon Allowances
The Market Stability Reserve (MSR) has the mission of regulating the volume of emission rights in the market.

Article 6.4 of the Paris Agreement: A New Beginning or More of the Same in Carbon Markets
Article 6.4 of the Paris Agreement introduced a new sustainable development mechanism, designed to replace the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol.

The Green Climate Fund: Financing the Fight Against Climate Change
The Green Climate Fund (GCF) is an international financial mechanism established under the framework of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Its main objective is to help…

The Modernisation Fund: A Boost for the Energy Transition
The Modernisation Fund is an initiative established under EU Directive 2018/410 with the purpose of accelerating the transition toward a low-carbon economy in the European Union’s lower-income Member States.

Environmental Liability and Regulatory Compliance in Solar and Wind Projects
Developing solar or wind projects not only involves harnessing sunlight or wind to generate clean energy but also entails assuming specific responsibilities toward the environment and complying with a stringent…

The October 2014 European Council: A Milestone in the Fight Against Climate Change
The October 2014 European Council marked a turning point in the European Union’s climate policy. This meeting, attended by the leaders of the Member States, laid the foundation for more…

Spain’s Climate Change Office: A Beacon for Europe in the Fight Against Global Warming
The Spanish Climate Change Office (OECC) has positioned itself as a benchmark in the fight against climate change at the European level. Its innovative and efficient management model has proven…

Tokenized Assets: From European Regulation to Their Integration into DeFi
Tokenized real-world assets (RWA) are financial or physical assets represented on the blockchain by tokens.

Legal Aspects of PPA (Power Purchase Agreements) in Renewable Energy Proyects
A PPA is essentially a long-term energy sales agreement between a producer—typically a company developing a solar or wind farm—and a buyer, which may be a large energy-consuming company, an…
